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    1.  Load reasons

    –  Pump working load is too heavy  :

    When the outlet pressure of the micro diaphragm pump is too high or the flow is too large, the motor needs to output more power to drive the pump to work. For example, if there is a blockage in the pipeline system, such as the liquid inlet filter is blocked by a large number of impurities, or the valve of the water outlet is not fully opened, it will increase the working resistance of the pump, resulting in excessive motor load and excessive heat.

    In addition, if the pump head is set too high, exceeding the rated capacity of the motor, the motor needs to run for a long time at high load in order to meet the head requirements, resulting in overheating. For example, when trying to transport the liquid to a position much higher than the rated head of the pump, the motor will be overloaded and heated.

    –  Motor and pump transmission parts failure  :

    – If the transmission parts such as the coupling, belt or gear between the motor and the micro diaphragm pump fail, such as the coupling is different, the belt is too tight or the gear is worn, the output power of the motor cannot be effectively transferred to the pump, but the motor itself generates additional load. For example, different coupling centers will cause additional bending moments between the motor shaft and the pump shaft, increasing the load of the motor and causing the motor to overheat.

    1.  Reasons for the motor itself

    –  Motor winding short circuit or open circuit  :

    – Motor winding short circuit is one of the common causes of motor overheating. When the winding occurs a short circuit, part of the winding will form a circulation, according to Joule’s law \(Q = I^{2}Rt\) (where \(Q\) is heat, \(I\) is current, \(R\) is resistance, \(t\) is time), because the resistance of the short circuit part becomes smaller, the current will increase sharply, generating a lot of heat.

    – The winding break will cause the three-phase current of the motor to be unbalanced (for three-phase motors) or prevent the motor from operating properly (for single-phase motors). In the case of a partial break, the remaining windings will bear more current, causing the motor to overheat.

    –  Motor bearing failure  :

    – Wear or damage to motor bearings can cause uneven clearance between motor rotor and stator, increasing the friction resistance of the motor. For example, after the bearing ball is worn, the motor rotor will generate vibration and offset during rotation, making the motor not run smoothly, and the friction will increase, resulting in excessive heat.

    – In addition, poor bearing lubrication can also cause increased friction. If the bearing grease is dry, insufficient or contaminated, it will increase the rolling and sliding friction of the bearing, resulting in motor heating.

    –  Motor heat dissipation problem  :

    – The motor’s cooling fan is damaged or the ventilation channel is blocked, which will prevent the motor from effectively cooling. For example, the blade of the cooling fan is damaged, and the ventilation hole on the motor housing is blocked by dust or debris, which will cause the heat generated by the motor to not be dissipated in time and accumulate in the motor interior, causing the temperature to rise.

    – For some closed motors, if the internal heat dissipation structure design is unreasonable or the thermal conductivity of the heat dissipation material (such as the heat sink) is poor, it will also lead to poor heat dissipation of the motor and overheating.

    1.  Power supply reasons

    –  Voltage too high or too low  :

    – When the power supply voltage is too high, according to the motor speed formula \(n = 60f/p\) (where \(n\) is the speed, \(f\) is the power frequency, \(p\) is the motor pole number) and the torque formula \(T = 9550P/n\) (where \(T\) is the torque, \(p\) is the power), the motor speed will increase, The torque will also increase, making the output power of the motor increase and the current increase, resulting in overheating of the motor.

    On the contrary, when the voltage is too low, the motor will try to compensate by increasing the current in order to maintain a certain speed and torque, according to \(P = UI\) (where \(P\) is the power, \(U\) is the voltage, \(I\) is the current), the current increase will also cause the motor to heat. For example, in an area where the power grid voltage is unstable, if the rated voltage of the motor is 220V, but the actual voltage is lower than 200V or higher than 240V for a long time, the motor is prone to overheating.

    –  Unbalanced three-phase power supply (for three-phase motors)  :

    – The unbalanced three-phase power supply will cause the three-phase current of the motor to be unbalanced. In this case, the phase winding with a larger current will generate more heat, resulting in local overheating of the motor. For example, when the voltage of a phase in a three-phase power supply is too low or too high, the current in the winding of the phase will be different from the other two phases, making the magnetic field distribution inside the motor uneven, increasing the loss and heating of the motor.